Node

. . the first node >>

In communication network,a node is a connection point, either a redistribution point or a communication endpoint.A physical network node is an active electronic device that is attached to a network, and is capable of sending, receiving, or forwarding information over a communications channel.
Example: modem,printer.

Client

A client is an application or system that accesses a remote service on another computer system,know as a server, by way of a network.It is the requesting program or user in a client relationship.

Server

A server is an application running on a computer that delivers a service. For example, a web server will deliver web pages when requested by a browser.The way a server and a client dialogs is called a protocol. For instance, HTTP is the protocol used between a browser and a web server.

Hub

A common connection point for devices in a network.Hubs are commonly used to connect segment of a LAN.A hub contains multiple ports.When a packet arrives at one port, it is copied to the other ports so that all segments of the LAN can see all packets.

Network Interface Card (NIC)

NIC is commonly referred to as a network adapter and is an expansion card that enables a computer to connect to a network such as a home network and the Internet using a Ethernet cable with a RJ-45 connector.

Network Operating System (NOS)

operating system >
A networking operating system is an operating system that contains components and programs that allow a computer on a network to serve requests from other computer for data and provide access to other resources such as printer and file systems.

Host Computer

A computer system that is accessed by a user working at a remote location.Typically, the term is used when there are two computer systems connected by modems and telephone lines. The system that contains the data is called the host, while the computer at which the user sits is called the remote terminal.

Network Manager

Network Manager is a software utility aimed at simplifying the use of computer networks on Linux and other Unix-like operating systems.NetworkManager is designed in two components: a service which manages connections and reports network changes, and a graphical desktop applet which allows the user to manipulate network connections.

Disk caching

Caching is space.Disk cache is a mechanism for improving the time it takes to read from or write to a hard disk.Now,the disk caching usually inclide as part of the hard disk.It can also be a specified portion of random access memory (RAM).The disk cache holds data that has recently been read and in some cases,adjacent data areas that are likely to br accessed next.Write caching is also provided with some disk caches.

Redundant arrays of inexpensive disks (RAID)

RAID is a way of storing the same data in different places on multiple.It is the organization of multiple disks into a large,high performance logical disk.It also a technology that allowed computer user to achieve high levels of storage reliability from low-cost and less reliable PC-class disk-driver components,via the technique of arranging the devices into arrays for redundancy.

File compression and decompression

The NTFS file volumes support file compression on an individual file basic.The file compression algorithm used by the NTFS file system is Lempel-Ziv compression.This is a lossless compression algorithm,which means that no data is lost when compressing anf decompressing the file, as opposed to lossy compression algorithms such as JPEG,where some data is lost each time data compression and decompression occur.

Magnetic Ink Character Recognition (MICR)

• Type of font capable of recognition using magnetically charged ink.
• The technology allows computers to read information off printed documents.
• Unlikely barcodes or similar technologies, however, MICR codes can be easily read by human
• Commonly used to print checks, deposit slips, mortgage coupons, etc

Optical-Character recognition (OCR)

• The software used to convert letters and numbers that are non-editable into a format that can be editing.
• Example: A magazine article is something that cannot be editing.
• Can be accomplished by scanning
• Convert article into a Microsoft Word document and then be able to change any of the words.
• Typical uses include processing checks, archiving library material, and letter sorting by the postal office.

Optical-Mark Recognition (OMR)

• The process of capturing human-marked data from document form such as survey, test, questionnaires & ballots
• Scans a printed form and read predefined positions and records where marks are making on the form.
• Useful for application in which large numbers of hand-filled forms need to be processing quickly & with great accuracy
• Common application is use of “bubble sheets” of multiple-choice tests used by school.

Dot-matrix printer

• Also call impact matrix printer
• Produce characters and illustrations by striking pins against an ink ribbon to print closely spaced dots in the appropriate shape, much like typewriter.
• The moving portion of the printer is calling the print head.
• This machines can be highly durable
• Vary in 2 important characteristics: Speed , Print Quality
• Even with tungsten blocks and titanium pawls, the printing becomes too unclear to read

Plotter

• A vector graphics-printing device to print graphical plots that connects to a computer
• Plotter differs from printers in that they draw lines using a pen.
• There are two types of main plotter: pen plotter, electrostatic plotter.
• Multicolor plotters used in engineering applications where precision is mandatory.

Photo printer

• A printer that is specifically designed to print high quality digital photos on photo paper
• Have a high number of nozzles
• Capable of printing droplets as small as 1 Pico liter

Portable printer

• As electronics miniaturizes and increases in quality, new novelties are cropping up.
• Can print from camera phones, digital camera or memory card

Fax Machine

• Telecommunications technology used to transfer copies of documents
• That can send or receive pictures and text over a telephone line
• Electronically, a bit that has a value of either zero (off) or one (on) represents each dot.
• The incoming data, translates the zeros and ones back into dots, and reprints the picture.

Multifunctional Device

• An office machine which incorporates the functionality of multiple devices in one
• Bring the worlds of copying, printing, finishing, and scanning together, all in one neat, efficient and cost-effective package.

Internet Telephones

• Service instantly and how to display your call details on the web
• Covered are the advanced features and services including intelligent call forwarding, unified email and voice mail messaging, and the simultaneous sending of voice.

Voice Over Internet Protocol (VOIP)

• A general term for a family of transmission technologies for delivery of voice communication over IP
• VOIP systems employ session control protocol to control the set-up and tear-down of calls as well as audio codes which encode speech allowing transmission over an IP network as digital audio via an audio stream.
• Codec use is varied between different implementations of VOIP; some implementations rely on narrowband and compressed speech, while others support high fidelity stereo codecs.