Node

. . the first node >>

In communication network,a node is a connection point, either a redistribution point or a communication endpoint.A physical network node is an active electronic device that is attached to a network, and is capable of sending, receiving, or forwarding information over a communications channel.
Example: modem,printer.

Client

A client is an application or system that accesses a remote service on another computer system,know as a server, by way of a network.It is the requesting program or user in a client relationship.

Server

A server is an application running on a computer that delivers a service. For example, a web server will deliver web pages when requested by a browser.The way a server and a client dialogs is called a protocol. For instance, HTTP is the protocol used between a browser and a web server.

Hub

A common connection point for devices in a network.Hubs are commonly used to connect segment of a LAN.A hub contains multiple ports.When a packet arrives at one port, it is copied to the other ports so that all segments of the LAN can see all packets.

Network Interface Card (NIC)

NIC is commonly referred to as a network adapter and is an expansion card that enables a computer to connect to a network such as a home network and the Internet using a Ethernet cable with a RJ-45 connector.

Network Operating System (NOS)

operating system >
A networking operating system is an operating system that contains components and programs that allow a computer on a network to serve requests from other computer for data and provide access to other resources such as printer and file systems.

Host Computer

A computer system that is accessed by a user working at a remote location.Typically, the term is used when there are two computer systems connected by modems and telephone lines. The system that contains the data is called the host, while the computer at which the user sits is called the remote terminal.

Network Manager

Network Manager is a software utility aimed at simplifying the use of computer networks on Linux and other Unix-like operating systems.NetworkManager is designed in two components: a service which manages connections and reports network changes, and a graphical desktop applet which allows the user to manipulate network connections.

Disk caching

Caching is space.Disk cache is a mechanism for improving the time it takes to read from or write to a hard disk.Now,the disk caching usually inclide as part of the hard disk.It can also be a specified portion of random access memory (RAM).The disk cache holds data that has recently been read and in some cases,adjacent data areas that are likely to br accessed next.Write caching is also provided with some disk caches.

Redundant arrays of inexpensive disks (RAID)

RAID is a way of storing the same data in different places on multiple.It is the organization of multiple disks into a large,high performance logical disk.It also a technology that allowed computer user to achieve high levels of storage reliability from low-cost and less reliable PC-class disk-driver components,via the technique of arranging the devices into arrays for redundancy.

File compression and decompression

The NTFS file volumes support file compression on an individual file basic.The file compression algorithm used by the NTFS file system is Lempel-Ziv compression.This is a lossless compression algorithm,which means that no data is lost when compressing anf decompressing the file, as opposed to lossy compression algorithms such as JPEG,where some data is lost each time data compression and decompression occur.

Magnetic Ink Character Recognition (MICR)

• Type of font capable of recognition using magnetically charged ink.
• The technology allows computers to read information off printed documents.
• Unlikely barcodes or similar technologies, however, MICR codes can be easily read by human
• Commonly used to print checks, deposit slips, mortgage coupons, etc

Optical-Character recognition (OCR)

• The software used to convert letters and numbers that are non-editable into a format that can be editing.
• Example: A magazine article is something that cannot be editing.
• Can be accomplished by scanning
• Convert article into a Microsoft Word document and then be able to change any of the words.
• Typical uses include processing checks, archiving library material, and letter sorting by the postal office.

Optical-Mark Recognition (OMR)

• The process of capturing human-marked data from document form such as survey, test, questionnaires & ballots
• Scans a printed form and read predefined positions and records where marks are making on the form.
• Useful for application in which large numbers of hand-filled forms need to be processing quickly & with great accuracy
• Common application is use of “bubble sheets” of multiple-choice tests used by school.

Dot-matrix printer

• Also call impact matrix printer
• Produce characters and illustrations by striking pins against an ink ribbon to print closely spaced dots in the appropriate shape, much like typewriter.
• The moving portion of the printer is calling the print head.
• This machines can be highly durable
• Vary in 2 important characteristics: Speed , Print Quality
• Even with tungsten blocks and titanium pawls, the printing becomes too unclear to read

Plotter

• A vector graphics-printing device to print graphical plots that connects to a computer
• Plotter differs from printers in that they draw lines using a pen.
• There are two types of main plotter: pen plotter, electrostatic plotter.
• Multicolor plotters used in engineering applications where precision is mandatory.

Photo printer

• A printer that is specifically designed to print high quality digital photos on photo paper
• Have a high number of nozzles
• Capable of printing droplets as small as 1 Pico liter

Portable printer

• As electronics miniaturizes and increases in quality, new novelties are cropping up.
• Can print from camera phones, digital camera or memory card

Fax Machine

• Telecommunications technology used to transfer copies of documents
• That can send or receive pictures and text over a telephone line
• Electronically, a bit that has a value of either zero (off) or one (on) represents each dot.
• The incoming data, translates the zeros and ones back into dots, and reprints the picture.

Multifunctional Device

• An office machine which incorporates the functionality of multiple devices in one
• Bring the worlds of copying, printing, finishing, and scanning together, all in one neat, efficient and cost-effective package.

Internet Telephones

• Service instantly and how to display your call details on the web
• Covered are the advanced features and services including intelligent call forwarding, unified email and voice mail messaging, and the simultaneous sending of voice.

Voice Over Internet Protocol (VOIP)

• A general term for a family of transmission technologies for delivery of voice communication over IP
• VOIP systems employ session control protocol to control the set-up and tear-down of calls as well as audio codes which encode speech allowing transmission over an IP network as digital audio via an audio stream.
• Codec use is varied between different implementations of VOIP; some implementations rely on narrowband and compressed speech, while others support high fidelity stereo codecs.

Expansion Card

Also known as an add-on card, internal card or interface adapter, an expansion card is an electronic board or card added in a desktop computer or other non-portable computer to give that computer a new ability, such as the ability to connect to another computer using a network cable.

Network Interface Card

A network interface card is used to connect a computer to an Ethernet network. The card (shown in the figure below) provides an interface to the media. This may be either using an external transceiver (as shown) or through an internal integrated transceiver mounted on the network interface card PCB. The card usually also contains the protocol control firmware and Ethernet Controller needed to support the Medium Access Control (MAC) data link protocol used by Ethernet.

Cache Memory

Cache RAM is high-speed memory (usually SRAM) which is dedicated to storing frequently requested data. If the CPU needs data, it will check in the high-speed cache memory first before looking in the slower main memory. Cache memory may be three to five times faster than system DRAM. Most computers have two separate memory caches; L1 cache, located on the CPU, and L2 cache, located between the CPU and DRAM. L1 cache is faster than L2, and is the first place the CPU looks for its data. If data is not found in L1 cache, the search continues with L2 cache, and then on to DRAM.

Plug & Play

In computing, plug and play is a term used to describe the characteristic of a computer bus, or device specification, which facilitates the discovery of a hardware component in a system, without the need for physical device configuration, or user intervention in resolving resource conflicts.
Plug and play refers to both the traditional boot-time assignment of device resources and driver identification, as well as to hotplug systems such as USB and Firewire.

Sockets

A socket is an endpoint for communication between two machines.
The actual work of the socket is performed by an instance of the SocketImpl class. An application, by changing the socket factory that creates the socket implementation, can configure itself to create sockets appropriate to the local firewall.

Chips ( computer chips )

A small piece of semiconducting material (usually silicon) on which an integrated circuit is embedded. A typical chip is less than ¼-square inches and can contain millions of electronic components (transistors). Computers consist of many chips placed on electronic boards called printed circuit boards.
There are different types of chips. For example, CPU chips (also called microprocessors) contain an entire processing unit, whereas memory chips contain blank memory.

Slots

A narrow notch, groove, or opening, as a keyway in a piece of machinery, a slit for a coin in a vending machine, etc.
any of various openings in the wing or tail surface of an airplane used in connection with a high-lift or control device; specif., an air gap between the wing and an auxiliary airfoil, as an aileron or flap, providing for a smooth flow of air on the upper surface

Buslines

Motherboards are nothing more than very large and complex circuit boards. And like all circuit boards, motherboards send data in the form of electricity via the bus. The bus (or bus lines) are all those little wires that can be seen on the back of a circuit board. They are usually made from copper, though very high-end boards use gold. As electricity is sent across these lines, the receiving components convert the electricity into machine language. Machine language is represented as the binary system.

Serial Port

A port, or interface, that can be used for serial communication, in which only 1 bit is transmitted at a time.
Most serial ports on personal computers conform to the RS-232C or RS-422 standards. A serial port is a general-purpose interface that can be used for almost any type of device, including modems, mice, and printers (although most printers are connected to a parallel port).

Parallel Port



A port through which two or more data bits are passed simultaneously, such as all the bits of an 8-bit byte, and that requires as many input channels as the number of bits that are to be handled simultaneously. Contrast with serial port.

Universal Serial Bus

Short for Universal Serial Bus, an external bus standard that supports data transfer rates of 12 Mbps. A single USB port can be used to connect up to 127 peripheral devices, such as mice, modems, and keyboards. USB also supports Plug-and-Play installation and hot plugging.
Starting in 1996, a few computer manufacturers started including USB support in their new machines. It wasn't until the release of the best-selling iMac in 1998 that USB became widespread. It is expected to completely replace serial and parallel ports.

Firewire Port

FireWire is Apple Computer's version of a standard, IEEE 1394, High Performance Serial Bus, for connecting devices to your personal computer. FireWire provides a single plug-and-socket connection on which up to 63 devices can be attached with data transfer speeds up to 400 Mbps (megabits per second). The standard describes a serial bus or pathway between one or more peripheral devices and your computer's microprocessor.

HTML

• HTML is a language for describing web pages.

• HTML stands for Hyper Text Markup Language.

• HTML is not a programming language, it is a markup language

• HTML can describe web pages by using markup tags that call HTML tags

JAVASCRIPT

• An interpreted programming or script language from netscape.

• This script will make your text string form a wave and then scroll within the defined area.

• It was created using the Advanced Effect Maker that allows user to create more than 160 Flash and JavaScript effect

APPLETS

• A program written in the Java programming languge that can be include in an HTML page, much in the same way an image is included in a page.

• When you use a Java technology-enabled browser to view a page that contains an applet

• Applet's code is transferred to your system and executed by the Java Virtual Machine.(JVM)
  

BUSINESS-to-CONSUMER E-COMMERCE

• The buying and selling of goods and services over the Internet between a merchant and a consumer.

CONSUMER-to-CONSUMER E-COMMERCE

• E-business transactions conducted between two individuals

• There are many sites offering free classifieds, auctions, and forums where individuals can buy and sell thanks to online payment systems like PayPal where people can send and receive money online with ease.

• Provides succinct definitions of the many terms related to managing and implementing Internet marketing today

FILE TRANSFER PROTOCOL (FTP)

• A standard Internet protocol, is the simplest way to exchange files between computers on the Internet.

• Commonly used to transfer Web page files from their creator to the computer that acts as their server for everyone on Internet.

• It's also commonly used to download programs and other files to your computer from other servers.
  

FILTERS

• A program that accepts a certain type of data as input, transforms it in some manner, and then outputs the transformed data.

• A pattern through which data is passed. Only data that matches the pattern is allowed to pass through the filter.

• In paint program and image editors, a filter is an effect that can be applied to a bit map.Some filters mimic conventional photographic filters, but many transform images in unusual ways.A pointillism filter, for example, can make a digitized photograph look like a pointillistic painting.